Types of new energy vehicles and their technical status
New energy vehicles refer to the use of unconventional vehicle fuels as the source of power (or use of conventional vehicle fuels, but with new on-board power units), integrated advanced technology of vehicle power control and driving, and the formation of advanced technical principles, Automobiles with new technologies and new structures. New energy vehicles include: hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), pure electric vehicles (BEV), fuel cell vehicles (FCEV), hydrogen engine vehicles and gas vehicles, alcohol ether vehicles and so on.
1 Hybrid car
Hybrid refers to those models that use traditional fuel and are equipped with electric motors / engines to improve low-speed power output and fuel consumption. According to different types of fuel, it can be divided into two types: gasoline hybrid power and diesel hybrid power. At present, the mainstream of hybrid vehicles in the domestic market is gasoline hybrid, and the diesel hybrid models in the international market are also developing rapidly.
The advantages of hybrid vehicles are: 1. After using hybrid power, the maximum power of the internal combustion engine can be determined according to the average required power. At this time, it works under the optimal working conditions with low fuel consumption and less pollution. When the power of the high-power internal combustion engine is insufficient, it is supplemented by the battery; when the load is low, the excess power can be used to generate electricity to charge the battery. Because the internal combustion engine can continue to work, the battery can be continuously charged, so its journey is the same as that of an ordinary car. 2. Because of the battery, it is very convenient to recover the energy during braking, downhill and idling. 3. In the prosperous urban area, the internal combustion engine can be shut down and driven by the battery alone to achieve "zero" emissions. 4. With the internal combustion engine, it is very convenient to solve the problems encountered by pure electric vehicles such as energy-consuming air conditioning, heating, and defrosting. 5. You can use existing gas stations to refuel without having to invest any more. 6. The battery can be kept in good working condition without overcharging and overdischarging, extending its service life and reducing costs.
Disadvantages: long-distance high-speed driving basically can not save fuel.
2 Pure electric vehicles
Electric cars, as the name implies, are mainly powered by electric motors. Most of the vehicles are directly driven by electric motors. Some vehicles have electric motors installed in the engine compartment, and some directly use wheels as rotors of four electric motors. The difficulty lies in power storage technology. It does not emit harmful gases that pollute the atmosphere. Even if it is converted into power plant emissions according to the power consumption, other pollutants except sulfur and particulates are significantly reduced. Because most power plants are built away from densely populated cities, they are more harmful to humans. There are few, and the power plant is stationary, concentrated emissions, it is easier to remove various harmful emissions, and related technologies are also available. Since electricity can be obtained from a variety of primary energy sources, such as coal, nuclear energy, hydraulic power, wind power, light, heat, etc., people are no longer worried about the depletion of oil resources. Electric vehicles can also make full use of the surplus electricity in the evening when the electricity consumption is low, so that the power generation equipment can be fully utilized day and night, greatly improving its economic benefits. Relevant research shows that the same crude oil is refined, sent to power plants for power generation, charged with batteries, and then driven by batteries. Its energy utilization efficiency is higher than that of refined gasoline, and then driven by gasoline engines, which is conducive to energy conservation. And to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, it is these advantages that make the research and application of electric vehicles a "hot spot" in the automotive industry. Some experts believe that for electric vehicles, the biggest obstacles at present are infrastructure construction and prices that affect the process of industrialization. Compared with hybrid electric vehicles, electric vehicles require more infrastructure, which is not a company can solve. It is necessary for all enterprises to join forces with local government departments to build together in order to have large-scale promotion opportunities.
Advantages: The technology is relatively simple and mature, as long as there is power supply can be charged.
Disadvantages: At present, the energy stored by the unit weight of the battery is too small. Because the battery of the electric vehicle is more expensive and the economic scale is not formed, the purchase price is more expensive. As for the use cost, some trial results are more expensive than the car, and some results are only for the car. 1/3, it mainly depends on the battery life and local oil and electricity prices.
3 Fuel cell vehicles
A fuel cell vehicle refers to a vehicle that uses hydrogen, methanol, etc. as fuel, generates electricity through a chemical reaction, and is driven by a motor. The energy of the battery is directly converted into electrical energy through the chemical action of hydrogen and oxygen, rather than through combustion. The chemical reaction process of the fuel cell does not produce harmful products, so the fuel cell vehicle is a pollution-free car. The energy conversion efficiency of the fuel cell is 2 to 3 times higher than that of the internal combustion engine. Therefore, from the perspective of energy use and environmental protection, the fuel cell vehicle is An ideal vehicle.
Individual fuel cells must be combined into a fuel cell stack in order to obtain the necessary power to meet the requirements of vehicle use.
In recent years, fuel cell technology has made significant progress. World-renowned automobile manufacturers such as DaimlerChrysler, Ford, Toyota and General Motors have announced plans to bring fuel cell vehicles to the market by 2004. At present, prototype vehicles of fuel cell cars are being tested, and transportation buses powered by fuel cells are undergoing demonstration projects in several cities in North America. In the development of fuel cell vehicles, there are still technical challenges, such as the integration of fuel cell stacks, improving the commercialization of electric vehicle fuel processors, and auxiliary car manufacturers are working towards integrating components and reducing component costs Significant progress has been made.
Compared with traditional cars, fuel cell cars have the following advantages:
1. Zero emissions or near zero emissions.
2. Reduced water pollution caused by oil leakage.
3. Reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.
4. Improve fuel economy.
5. Improve the combustion efficiency of the engine.
6. Smooth operation and no noise.
4 Hydrogen powered cars
Hydrogen-powered vehicles are a vehicle that truly achieves zero emissions. It emits pure water. It has the advantages of no pollution, zero emissions, and abundant reserves. Therefore, hydrogen-powered vehicles are the most ideal alternative to traditional vehicles. Compared with traditional power cars, the cost of hydrogen-powered cars is at least 20% higher. China Changan Automobile completed the ignition of China's first high-efficiency zero-emission hydrogen internal combustion engine in 2007, and exhibited China's first hydrogen-powered concept sports car "Hydrogen Range" at the 2008 Beijing Auto Show.
With the gradual formation of the "automotive society", car ownership continues to show an upward trend, while oil and other resources are stretched. On the other hand, vehicles that swallow a lot of gasoline continue to emit harmful gases and pollutants. The final solution is of course not to restrict the development of the automobile industry, but to open up new energy alternatives to oil. The four wheels of the fuel cell vehicle quickly and quietly roll across the road, marking the name of the new energy-hydrogen.
Almost all world auto giants are developing new energy vehicles. Electricity was once considered to be the future power of automobiles, but the long charging time and weight of batteries have gradually made people interested in it. The current (referred to in 2009) hybrid electric and gasoline vehicles can only temporarily ease the energy crisis, can only reduce but can not get rid of dependence on oil. At this time, the emergence of hydrogen-powered fuel cells is like creating a Noah's Ark, letting people see infinite hope from the crisis.
The idea of ​​using hydrogen as a car fuel was startling when it first came out, but in fact it is valid. Hydrogen has a very high energy density, and the energy released is enough to make the car engine run, and the chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen in the fuel cell only produces water without pollution. Therefore, many scientists predict that the fuel cell using hydrogen as the energy source is the core technology of the automobile in the 21st century. It has a revolutionary significance for the automobile industry, which is equivalent to the microprocessor as important as the computer industry.
Advantages: The discharge is pure water, which does not produce any pollutants while driving.
Disadvantages: The cost of hydrogen fuel cells is too high, and the storage and transportation of hydrogen fuel is very difficult according to the current technical conditions, because hydrogen molecules are very small and can easily escape through the casing of the storage device. In addition, the most fatal problem is that the extraction of hydrogen requires electrolysis of water or the use of natural gas. In this way, a large amount of energy is also consumed. Unless nuclear power is used for extraction, it cannot fundamentally reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
5 Gas vehicles
Gas vehicles refer to vehicles that use compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) as fuel. In recent years, governments around the world have actively sought to solve this problem, and have begun to adjust the fuel structure of automobiles. Gas vehicles are recognized as the most ideal alternative fuel vehicles by countries all over the world due to their good emission performance, adjustable vehicle fuel structure, low operating cost, mature technology, and safety and reliability.
At present, gas is still the mainstream of alternative fuels for automobiles in the world, accounting for about 90% of alternative fuel vehicles in China. The goal of the United States is that by 2010, 7% of cars in the bus sector will use natural gas, and 50% of taxis and shuttle buses will be converted to special-purpose natural gas vehicles; by 2010, the number of German natural gas vehicles will reach 100,000 to 400,000 The number of gas stations will be increased from the current 180 to at least 300.
Industry experts pointed out that the role of alternative fuels is to alleviate and eventually eliminate the various pressures caused by the tight oil supply and the negative impact on economic development. Recently, China will still use compressed natural gas, liquefied gas, and ethanol gasoline as alternative fuels for automobiles. Whether the use of alternative fuels for automobiles can be expanded depends on the resources, distribution, and availability of alternative fuels in China, the maturity of alternative fuel production and application technologies, and the reduction of environmental pollution. The production scale, investment, production costs, and prices of alternative fuels Determine its competitiveness with petroleum fuels; automobile production structure and design improvement must be compatible with fuel.
Replacing fuel oil with gas will be an inevitable trend in the development of automobiles in China and the world. China should organize forces as soon as possible to formulate a national gas vehicle policy. Considering that China's energy security is mainly oil, the development of alternative fuel vehicles, including gas vehicles, is an urgent matter. According to national conditions, it should be done:
One is to limit the price of gas and maintain a reasonable price difference between oil and gas. For example, the difference between oil and gas in Sichuan and Chongqing can ensure the proper development of gas vehicles;
Second, in view of the large investment in gas stations and the long payback period, the government appropriately grants certain subsidies to adjust the distribution of benefits between the price of gas sold by gas stations and the fuel costs saved by car users due to gas consumption;
The third is the income tax on gas stations, should refer to the high-tech industrial development zone policy, adopt the tax policy of exemption of two reduction and three;
The fourth is to treat the gas station electricity as special industrial electricity, and the electricity price is favorable; in addition, the land of the gas station can be treated as a major project and environmental protection industry, special affairs, do not blame each other, rashly, actively adopt foreign advanced Standards for building stations, scientifically determining the fire safety distance, and saving land resources.
6 Bioethanol car
Ethanol is commonly referred to as alcohol. In layman's terms, cars that use ethanol as fuel can also be called alcohol cars. The activity of using ethanol to replace petroleum fuels has a long history. Both the production and application technologies are very mature. Recently, due to the shortage of petroleum resources, the diversification of automobile energy sources has intensified, and ethanol vehicles have also mentioned the agenda.
At present, there are more than 40 countries in the world that use ethanol vehicles to varying degrees, and some have reached a larger scale of promotion. The status of ethanol vehicles is increasing day by day.
The use of ethanol in automobiles can increase the octane number of the fuel, increase the oxygen content, make the combustion in the automobile cylinder more complete, and can reduce the emission of harmful substances in the exhaust gas.
Fuel application method of ethanol automobile: 1. Mixed burning refers to the blending application of ethanol and gasoline. In the mixed fuel, the ratio of ethanol to volume is represented by "E". If ethanol accounts for 10% and 15%, then E10 and E15 are used. At present, blended combustion accounts for the main position of ethanol vehicles. 2. Pure burning, that is, single burning ethanol, can be expressed by E100%. At present, there are not many applications, which are in the trial stage; 3. Denatured fuel ethanol, which refers to ethanol produced after the dehydration of ethanol and then adding denaturant, which is also a test application Step; four, flexible fuel, which means that the fuel can be used for gasoline, or a mixture of ethanol or methanol and gasoline, or hydrogen, and can be switched at any time. For example, Ford and Toyota are testing flexible fuel vehicles (FFV)
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