Gestational diabetes helps reduce complications
Freescale ’s advanced technology in low power consumption and mixed-signal has led to the emergence of more flexible microcontrollers (MCUs) with many critical peripherals that can be used for gestational monitoring applications, including gestational diabetes Guardianship. In all areas important for medical applications—low voltage, mixed-signal physical integration, display, and connectivity—Freescale provides the powerful technologies needed for next-generation medical system solutions.
Gestational diabetes
Pregnant women who are not diabetic still have higher blood glucose (glucose) levels during pregnancy. This is called gestational diabetes, and it affects 1% to 3% of pregnant women. Basically, the production of hormones in women during pregnancy increases, which leads to insulin resistance, which means that insulin cannot effectively reduce blood sugar levels, which forces the body to produce more insulin to compensate, resulting in gestational diabetes.
In addition, although any woman may develop gestational diabetes, some people are more likely to develop gestational diabetes than others. These include:
â— Age greater than 25 years old;
â— Have a family history of diabetes, or those with gestational diabetes during the previous pregnancy;
â— Has given birth to an infant weighing more than 9 pounds or experienced an unexplained stillbirth;
â— Those who were overweight before pregnancy.
In addition, due to unknown reasons, Hispanics, Indians, Asians and black women are more likely to develop gestational diabetes than other women. For women who already have diabetes, good blood sugar control before fertilization and during pregnancy is not only important for the women themselves, but also for the health of the fetus.
During pregnancy, if the blood sugar level is not well controlled, too much blood sugar will raise the blood sugar level of the fetus through the placenta. This makes the body of the fetus obese and creates neonatal megalophobia (9 pounds and 15 ounces at birth). Babies with megalophobia will face many health problems, including being prone to respiratory diseases, childhood obesity, developing type 2 diabetes in childhood, and even causing physical harm during pregnancy and childbirth.
For these reasons, accurate blood glucose measurement before pregnancy or early pregnancy is essential for the rapid diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes (see Figure 1). In particular, most women do not show the early stages associated with diabetes Symptoms (excessive thirst and frequent urination).
The initial diagnosis included an oral glucose tolerance test. This is usually done in a clinic environment, requiring patients to drink a glucose solution and then monitor blood glucose at certain intervals (see Table 1). However, the most convenient way to observe the symptoms of diabetes in the later period is at home, which requires accurate home monitoring equipment.
Advanced semiconductor technology from Freescale, with low power consumption, mixed-signal physical integration, display and connection interfaces, makes it possible to design small, easy-to-use devices. This device is an ideal solution for home blood glucose monitoring. Freescale's highly integrated low power solution
By combining an ultra-low power platform and high-precision analog peripherals, Freescale has made great progress in providing an overall system solution for automated monitoring for the pregnancy monitoring market. Freescale's MCU can reduce the cost of blood glucose meter design, which allows more mothers to benefit from blood glucose levels being tested.
Here are some key areas that are important for a wide range of portable medical applications:
Low power consumption technology;
Mixed signal integration technology;
Display technology;
Connection technology.
Freescale is helping users in the medical market to optimize their products in these areas.
Ultra low power platform
Freescale MCU utilizes innovative technology to achieve the absolute lowest power consumption for these portable medical device applications. The low voltage performance of the MCUs listed below makes them ideal for portable medical devices.
MC9S08Lxx: low-cost entry-level MCU with LCD driver module and excellent power consumption;
MC9S08QExx: the best power consumption among products of the same level, suitable for sensor equipment applications, with medium processing power, and an advantage in price;
MCF51QE: Excellent performance and low power consumption, and pin compatibility with 9S08QE controller, so that it can meet the requirements of the complexity and functionality of medical equipment.
All these devices have four main characteristics, which are the basis of low voltage operation.
Low power oscillator
The crystal oscillator is optimized for low power consumption, and can drive the crystal oscillator in a low gain or high gain mode. This peripheral module consumes less than 500 nA when driving a 32.768 kHz crystal in low-power mode. When using this low-power oscillator, you can make the MCU in the low-power mode (stop mode) to ensure accurate time.
Operating mode
Low-power MCUs have many modes of operation, and each mode is designed for a specific function, which makes the most efficient performance and power loss trade-off. Various operating modes (run, low-power operation, wait, low-power wait, stop 2 and stop 3) reduce the power consumption of some devices to the level of 250nA, and also enable medical applications to continue to operate efficiently . It enables many MCU peripherals to operate in low-power operation mode, and provides appropriate functions in low-power operation mode. Flexible clock source
Due to the benefits of multiple operating modes, the internal clock (ICS) provides the ability to increase or decrease the operating frequency of the device for the periphery of low-power solutions. The higher operating frequency results in higher power consumption in run mode. Depending on the needs of the application, operating at low frequencies reduces the power by approximately 500μA per MHz. ICS enables designers of embedded development to better adjust the performance of the MCU to optimize power consumption.
Clock gating technology
In order to further reduce the power consumption of the operating mode, the peripheral devices on each low-power platform have the capability of clock gating. Clock gating technology is to turn off the clock signal sent to the peripheral device. Through clock gating technology, a single peripheral device only reduces the power consumption of tens of microamps. In order to achieve the lowest power consumption, it is necessary to turn off each unnecessary internal clock signal. When all peripheral clocks are turned off, clock gating technology can reduce power consumption by about 1/3 in operating mode.
Design of Glucose Detector Using Freescale Solution
The features described above can be combined to optimize the design of a portable medical device in terms of low power consumption, such as a blood glucose meter (Figure 3, Figure 4).
The low-power oscillator can be used to provide very low standby power consumption and maintain accurate time, which makes the glucose meter can be used to save accurate glucose level measurement history records for query.
Using a flexible operating mode and internal clock (ICS), the glucose meter firmware can be designed to: When complex calculations are required to perform a glucose measurement, the MCU performance can be improved to shorten the processing time and facilitate user use.
Finally, clock gating technology can save additional power consumption. The use of these technologies can make a battery work longer. It enables developers to use a smaller battery, which enhances portability and facilitates user use.
Mixed signal integration
The most important for the design of a glucose meter is the ability to perform small signal analysis in electrochemical reactions in glucose measurement. An analysis step is to recognize the peak value of the biosensor electrical signal output. Using the analog comparator (ACMP) peripheral, Freescale's MCU can generate an interrupt when a peak is reached.
The next step is an analog-to-digital converter that requires accurate timing to convert the linear attenuation output of the glucose test strip. Many Freescale devices have a feature-rich 12-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that makes these measurements possible. ADCs have these characteristics: such as automatic comparison and flexible conversion time settings, they are ideal for this application.
Finally, 8-bit or 32-bit CPUs are used for mathematical analysis. The chemical reaction between the sample (blood) and the glucose test strip generates a linear attenuation signal, which takes a few seconds to process. The CPU uses time-averaged or more complex IIR filtering to perform some filtering on the input signal. The average value is collected at points along the linear attenuation of the input signal, from which the slope of the linear attenuation can be calculated. It is this slope that will be directly related to the blood glucose level value.
Integrating analog functions on-chip on Freescale MCUs saves costs for many systems. An obvious benefit is that it reduces the demand for external ICs. This reduces the space between the BOM and the board. At the same time, the on-chip analog function also has the characteristics of low voltage detection and internal bandgap reference voltage, which can further reduce costs.
Display characteristics
With the release of the L-series 8-bit MCUs with integrated LCD drivers, Freescale provides ideal display capabilities for portable medical devices. The LCD drivers on these devices have the following features, which can reduce costs and provide more functions for blood glucose meters.
First, Freescale added the ability to configure any MCU pin function as either a segment or a common line. Through this feature, the signal layout can be optimized, thereby reducing PCB board space. This feature can also quickly adapt to changes in LCD screen design, because hardware changes can be resolved by software upgrades. An example of flexible application of LCD driver is recorded in Freescale's application note (LCD driver description). Users can download PDF documents on the website (document number AN3796)
Second, using the X8 mode of the LCD signal, the new LCD driver can drive more segment codes with fewer pins. Through this function, it only needs 28 pins (8 × 20) to drive 160 LCD segment codes. On many similar products, the same function requires 44 pins. By using fewer pins, the size and connection space of the PCB board is reduced, which makes more compact portable medical designs possible.
Finally, LCD drivers have excellent low power consumption. Low power consumption is considered in every aspect of the design. The end result is that when the LCD is connected to the entire system, the power consumption of the system is as low as 1.5μA. This performance, coupled with low-power flashing mode (the ability to display flashes when in stop mode), enables product developers to reduce the average power consumption of their portable medical designs by 70%. This will lead to a significant extension of battery life, and further change the required battery type in the final device to save costs.
In the design of blood glucose meters, a visual display is necessary. It enables the patient to read the measurement results. With Freescale's S08L series microcontrollers, a single chip can be used to obtain LCD display functions and first-class low-power performance. Freescale also provides software solutions that allow simple LCD screen customization and rapid LCD GUI development. In addition, by referring to the "LCD Driver Description" reference design, designers can reduce their total development time.
connection
The ability to transfer information from the blood glucose meter to the computer is an important option for designers of new blood glucose meters. Freescale's MCU integrates many peripherals that can provide this type of connection, such as SPI, SCI, and I2C, which enables system time data transmission. Using SPI, the MCU can be easily connected to the ZigBee transceiver to provide a flexible, low-power wireless connection.
in conclusion
Freescale's leading technology in low power consumption and mixed signal integration makes the MCU developed as a key component of blood glucose monitor applications. The blood glucose monitor can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes. Although Freescale's devices currently offer many benefits, the company has been working to further improve low power consumption, mixed signal integration, display and connection features to make it more beneficial to the pregnancy monitoring market.
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